Turukkaeans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about a people of ancient South West Asia. For an African ethnic group sometimes known as the Tukri, see Toucouleur people.

The Turukkaeans were a Turkic[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Bronze and Iron Age people of Zagros Mountains. Their endonym has sometimes been reconstructed as Tukri.

History[edit]

Middle Bronze[edit]

Turukku was regarded by the Old Assyrian Empire as a constant threat, during the reign of Shamshi-Adad I (1813-1782 BCE) and his son and successor Ishme-Dagan (1781-1750 BCE). The Turukkaeans were allied to the Land of Ahazum, and they gathered at the town of Ikkallum to face the army of Ishme-Dagan, as Shamshi-Adad wrote in a letter to his other son Yasmah-Adad.

The Turukkaeans were reported to have sacked the city of Mardaman, apparently under Hurrian rule, around the year 1769/68 BCE.[22] Babylon's defeat of Turukku was celebrated in the 37th year of Hammurabi's reign (c. 1773 BCE).

A significant early reference to them is an inscription by the Babylonian king Hammurabi, (r. circa 1792 – c. 1752 BCE) that mentions a kingdom named Tukriš (UET I l. 46, iii–iv, 1–4), alongside Gutium, Subartu and another name that is usually reconstructed as Elam. Other texts from the same period refer to the kingdom as Tukru.

Iron Age[edit]

By the early part of the 1st millennium BCE, names such as Turukkum, Turukku and ti-ru-ki-i are being used for the same region. In a broader sense, names such as Turukkaean been used in a generic sense to mean "mountain people" or "highlanders".

A map of Mesopotamia and south-western Iran during the 2nd Millennium BCE. The Tukri are generally believed to have been located immediately north of Lullubi (top centre of the map) during this period.

Tukru or Turukkum was said to have spanned the north-east edge of Mesopotamia and an adjoining part of the Zagros Mountains. In particular, they were associated with the Lake Urmia basin and the valleys of the north-east Zagros. They were therefore located north of ancient Lullubi, and at least one Neo-Assyrian (9th to 7th centuries BCE) text refers to the whole area and its peoples as "Lullubi-Turukki" (VAT 8006).

Hurrians?[edit]

In terms of cultural and linguistic characteristics, little is known about the Tukri. They are described by their contemporaries as a semi-nomadic, mountain tribe, who wore animal skins. Some scholars believe they may have been Hurrian-speaking or subject to a Hurrian elite.[23]

On the other hand, the Turukkeans were closely associated with the Lullubi, and attacked the Hurrian city of Mardaman. Thus, they may have been an Iranian group.But its Turkicness is more possible.[24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]

Stub icon

This Ancient Near East–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

See also[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Fritz Hommel- Gestichichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,2016.
  2. ^ Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  3. ^ Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6.
  4. ^ Saak Tarontsi,Anatolia-Cradle of Mankind:We don't just deal with the prevailing influence of Sumerian language on ancient Turkish/Turukkean language with apparent evidence of lexical borrowings on a massive scale on numerous cases of syntactic,morphological and phonolagical convergense,...
  5. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050756/http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/3634/
  6. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006
  7. ^ Q. Qeybullayev – Azerbaycan türklerinin teşekkül tarixinden, Bakı, 1994
  8. ^ Z. Bünyadov,Y. Yusifov – Azerbaycan tarixi, Bakı, 2006
  9. ^ Barbara A. West, Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, 1967, p. 826
  10. ^ Martijn Theodor Houtsma, Encyclopedia of İslam, p. 142.
  11. ^ Ekrem Memiş, Nuri Köstüklü, Yeni ve yakın çağ'da Türk dünyası tarihi, 2005, s. 112: Eskiçağlardan beri Sümerler, Turukkular, Gutiler ve Kaslar gibi proto Türk kavimlerine vatan olan Irak, 9. yüzyıldan itibaren de müslüman Türkler'in yurdu olmaya başlamıştır.
  12. ^ Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı, Türk dünyası araştırmaları, 2004, page 35: Kuzey Mezopotamya'da Yafes soyundan kalan küçük bir kısım Türk kavmi, yani Gutium veya Turukkular ise zamanla ya millî ...
  13. ^ German Archaeological Institute. Department Teheran, Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, Vol. 19, Dietrich Reimer, 1986, p. 90
  14. ^ Зийадхан Нябибяйли - "ЗЯНЭЯЗУРУН АЛТУН ТАЪЫ ЛАЧЫН" - Бакы - 2009. p.156, 253.
  15. ^ WİLHEM, Herausgegeben von Gernot, 2001, Studien zu den Bogazköy-Texten, Akten des IV. Internationalen Kongresses für Hethitologie Würzburg 4-8 October 1999, Wiesbaden
  16. ^ BEYER, D.- D. Charpin, 1990, “Le sceau de Zaziya, roi des Turukkéens,” MARI 6, Paris p. 625-628.
  17. ^ A. Akif Poroy,Ön-Türkler.Bilge Karınca Yayınları
  18. ^ Meydan,Sinan.Türklerin Saklı Tarihi.İnkılâp Yayınevi.
  19. ^ "A Story of Life & Death and Love & War" *** By H.M. Hubey *** Montclair State University. chapter 5.1: Middle East >>> Furthermore, it is exactly in this region that we find the names Kuman(ni), Turuk(ku), Khumuk(ku), Kashka/Kaska, Subar(tu), Kesh(i). It is very strange that Kumans, Kumuks, and Kashkai today speak Turkic or were Turkic speaking when they are known in history. The Sabirs (Turkic speaking) were also in the North Caucasus. The Kesh could be simply ‘people from Kesh/Kish’ which could have gotten the meaning of ‘people’ in Turkic (i.e. kişi). <<<
  20. ^ Turkic peoples-Name etymology by Sjur C. Papazian,30 November 2013:"...Turukkaeans (Turukkum, Turukku) were an ancient near eastern people in the northern parts of Mesopotamia..."
  21. ^ ÜNAL, O . "‘Sözde Karca’ Kelimelerin Kökeni ve Türkçedeki Hurri-Urartuca Leksikal Alıntılar Üzerine". Türkbilig (2017 ):p.25-68
  22. ^ Pfälzner, Peter, (2018). "Keilschrifttafeln von Bassetki lüften Geheimnis um Königsstadt Mardaman". uni-tuebingen.de. University of Tubingen.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Læssøe, Jørgen (2014-10-24). People of Ancient Assyria: Their Inscriptions and Correspondence. Routledge. ISBN 9781317602613.
  24. ^ Fritz Hommel- Gestichichte Babyloniens und Assyriens,2016.
  25. ^ Азярбайжан Милли Елмляр Академийасы Ялйазмалар Институту вя «Елм вя тящсил» няшриййаты - Филолоэийа мясяляляри No. 8. Бакы – 2013. ISSN 2224-9257. p.6-13.
  26. ^ Казымов Г.Ш. Мцасир Азярбайъан дили. Морфолоэийа. Бакы, «Нурлан», 2010. p.4-6.
  27. ^ Saak Tarontsi,Anatolia-Cradle of Mankind:We don't just deal with the prevailing influence of Sumerian language on ancient Turkish/Turukkean language with apparent evidence of lexical borrowings on a massive scale on numerous cases of syntactic,morphological and phonolagical convergense,...
  28. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180325050756/http://acikarsiv.ankara.edu.tr/browse/3634/
  29. ^ F. Celilov – Azer xalqı, II nüşri Bakı, 2006
  30. ^ Q. Qeybullayev – Azerbaycan türklerinin teşekkül tarixinden, Bakı, 1994
  31. ^ Z. Bünyadov,Y. Yusifov – Azerbaycan tarixi, Bakı, 2006

Bibliography[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turukkaeans&oldid=1225785924"